Structural Loads
Ultimate
Limit States (ULS) ----------------include exceeding the loading-carrying
capacity, overturning, sliding, and fracture.
Serviceability Limit
States (SLS) ---------include deflection, vibration, permanent deformation
and local structure damage such as cracking.
D ...... Dead load - a
permanent load dure to the weight of building components.
E ......
Earthquake load and effects - a rare load due to an earthquake.
H ...... a
permanent load due to lateral earth pressure.
L ...... Live load - a
variable load due to intended use and occupancy.
P ...... Permanent effects
caused by pre-stress.
S ...... Variable load due to snow, including ice and
associated rain.
T ...... Effects due to contraction, expansion, or
deflection caused by temperature change, shrinkage, moisture change, creep,
ground settlement, or a combination thereof.
W ...... Wind load - a
variable load due to wind.
Load Combination for U LS
Case |
Principal Loads |
Companion Loads |
1 |
1.4 D |
- |
2 |
(1.25D or 0.9D) + 1.5L |
0.5S or 0.4W |
3 |
(1.25D or 0.9D) + 1.5S |
0.5L or 0.4W |
4 |
(1.25D or 0.9D) + 1.4W |
0.5L or 0.4S |
5 |
1.0D + 1.0E |
0.5L + 0.25S |